Welcome back, John.

The results indicate that euro banknotes do not represent a particularly significant risk of infection compared to other kinds of surfaces that people come into contact with every day.

There are currently no cases which have shown any evidence of humans being infected with the new type of coronavirus by via the consumption of contaminated food or via contact with contaminated articles. Transmission via surfaces which have recently been contaminated with viruses is, nonetheless, possible through smear infections. However, this is only likely to occur during a short period after contamination, due to the relatively low stability of coronaviruses in the environment.”

The BIS is owned by 62 central banks, representing countries from around the world that together account for about 95% of world GDP. Scientific evidence suggests that the probability of transmission via banknotes is low when compared with other frequently-touched objects, such as credit card terminals or PIN pads. Looking ahead, developments could speed up the shift toward digital payments. This could open a divide in access to payments instruments, which could negatively impact unbanked and older consumers. The pandemic may amplify calls to defend the role of cash – but also calls for central bank digital currencies.

New Zealand’s central bank says that while businesses are not obliged to accept cash, declining it may end up disadvantaging people who rely on its use.

In fact, we don’t have any evidence that money in any form has ever been a source of any kind of infection, says Marilyn Roberts, a microbiologist at the University of Washington School of Public Health.